Orthodontic systems

ABSTRACT

An orthodontic system includes an orthodontic bracket that has a base configured to be attached to a surface of a tooth. The bracket includes a first member and a second member attached to the base, the first and second members being spaced apart to define an archwire slot configured to receive an archwire having indentations. The first member includes a first gear that partially protrudes into the archwire slot, the first gear configured to engage some of the indentations on the archwire.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application 62/252,760, filed on Nov. 9, 2015. This application is related to U.S. Patent Applications ______ (attorney docket 39758-0002001), ______ (attorney docket 39758-0004001), ______ (attorney docket 39758-0005001), ______ (attorney docket 39758-0006001), and ______ (attorney docket 39758-0007001). The contents of the above applications are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to orthodontic systems.

BACKGROUND

Orthodontic braces are useful in correcting alignment of teeth to proper positions and orientations in the dental arch and to improve dental health. In some examples, orthodontic braces include metal brackets bonded to the teeth and arch wires that are tied to the brackets by elastic ties. The arch wires are designed to apply force to the brackets and teeth, causing the teeth to slowly move or rotate in prescribed directions. The arch wires are adjusted, e.g., every three or four weeks during treatment to maintain pressure in order to supply prescribed forces to the teeth. There are many types of dental braces. For example, braces can be self-ligating such that the arch wire clips into the brackets without the need for ligatures. Some dental braces use computer-adjusted wires. These braces use the same principle of force delivery by an external source outside of the bracket (e.g., wire, coils, or elastics). In some examples, a bracket may have a base that is angulated to combine torque, angulation, in and out bend, and offsets for each tooth. This enables an unadjusted arch wire to perform variant alignment functions (i.e., with no further wire bending). In some examples, a series of clear molds may be used to produce teeth alignment. Orthodontic treatments generally last for two to three years.

SUMMARY

In a general aspect, an orthodontic bracket includes a base configured to be attached to a surface of a tooth; and a first member and a second member attached to the base, the first and second members being spaced apart to define an archwire slot configured to receive an archwire having indentations, in which the first member includes a first gear that partially protrudes into the archwire slot, the first gear configured to engage some of the indentations on the archwire.

In another general aspect, a method includes attaching a base of an orthodontic bracket to a surface of a tooth, in which the orthodontic bracket has a base, a first member and a second member, the first and second members are attached to the base and spaced apart to define an archwire slot configured to receive an archwire having indentations, and the first member includes a first gear that partially protrudes into the archwire slot. The method includes inserting the archwire into the archwire slot; engaging the first gear with the indentations on a first surface of the archwire; and rotating the first gear to apply a force to the archwire.

In another general aspect, an orthodontic bracket includes a base configured to be attached to a surface of a tooth; and an occlusal member and a gingival member attached to the base, in which the occlusal member and the gingival member are spaced apart to define an archwire slot between a gingival surface of the occlusal member and an occlusal surface of the gingival member, and the archwire slot is configured to receive an archwire having indentations on occlusal and gingival surfaces of the archwire. The occlusal member includes a first miniature gear that partially protrudes through a gingival surface of the occlusal member into the archwire slot, and the first gear is configured to engage the indentations on the occlusal surface of the archwire. The gingival member includes a second miniature gear that partially protrudes through an occlusal surface of the gingival member into the archwire slot, and the second gear is configured to engage the indentations of the gingival surface of the archwire.

In another general aspect, a method includes attaching a base of an orthodontic bracket to a surface of a tooth, in which the orthodontic bracket has a base, an occlusal member and a gingival member, the occlusal member and the gingival member are attached to the base and spaced apart to define an archwire slot between a gingival surface of the occlusal member and an occlusal surface of the gingival member, and the archwire slot is configured to receive an archwire having indentations on occlusal and gingival surfaces of the archwire. The occlusal member includes a first miniature gear that partially protrudes through a gingival surface of the occlusal member into the archwire slot, and the first gear is configured to engage the indentations on the occlusal surface of the archwire. The gingival member includes a second miniature gear that partially protrudes through an occlusal surface of the gingival member into the archwire slot, and the second gear is configured to engage the indentations of the gingival surface of the archwire. The method includes inserting the archwire into the archwire slot; engaging the first and second gears with the indentations on the occlusal and gingival surfaces of the archwire; and rotating the first and second gears to apply a force to the archwire.

Other aspects include other combinations of the features recited above and other features, expressed as methods, apparatus, systems, program products, and in other ways. Advantages of the aspects and implementations may include one or more of the following. The orthodontic brackets can be active brackets or smart brackets. A remote orthodontic system can allow active brackets or smart brackets to be remotely controlled or adjusted. The active brackets can generate force, and the force applied to the teeth can be increased or decreased while the patient is at home. The progress of teeth alignment can be monitored remotely. The remote orthodontic system can provide feedback and report symptoms, if any, to the orthodontist. In cases where adjustments to the original treatment plans are needed, the force adjustments can be made and applied while the patient is at home without the need to visit the dental clinic. The system can also provide an estimate of the remaining treatment time based on current progress of treatment. The system can reduce the trial and error in orthodontic treatment by using proper biomechanical pre-planning and insistent re-adjustment and monitoring. The system can improve the accessibility for orthodontic treatment in rural areas, and may reduce the number of days that school children miss classes. The orthodontic treatment outcomes may be more predictable, leading to a better quality with potentially reduced treatment side effects.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an exemplary remote orthodontic system.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of various modules of the remote orthodontic system.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are diagrams of an exemplary e-Tract bracket.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of the e-Tract bracket with an arch wire.

FIGS. 5A and 5B are diagrams of an exemplary e-Tract bracket.

FIG. 6 is a diagram of a smart bracket and exemplary reference markers.

Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This document describes an orthodontic system that enables an orthodontist to remotely monitor orthodontic braces on patients and make adjustments when necessary in a precise and predictable manner. In some implementations of the remote orthodontic system, the orthodontic system includes smart brackets in which each bracket has a miniature motor that drives a miniature gear, which in turn drives small rods or posts that push against an arch wire, generating a reaction force that pushes against the bracket's wings, in which the reaction force is transferred to the corresponding tooth to provide the required force for alignment of the tooth. The number of miniature motors and the configuration of the motor(s) can vary depending on design and functions. For example, the orthodontic system can include smart brackets in which each bracket has two miniature motors that drive miniature gears, which in turn pull or push an arch wire to generate opposing forces for alignment of the corresponding tooth (by generating couple forces system). In other implementations of the remote orthodontic system, the orthodontic system includes smart brackets in which each bracket has one or more miniature motors that drive one or more miniature gears, which in turn drive a rotatable base to provide root torque to the bracket for generating a force for alignment of the corresponding tooth. In some implementations of the remote orthodontic system, the orthodontic braces include arch wire segments connected by smart brackets in which each bracket has one or more miniature motors that apply forces to the arch wire segments, such that the combination of the forces generated by the plurality of brackets provide the proper amount of force for the alignment of each individual tooth.

Referring to FIG. 1, a remote orthodontic system 100 includes orthodontic braces composed of smart brackets 102 (only one is shown in the figure) that communicate wirelessly with a computer server 104. The computer server 104 can be a physical machine located at the patient's home, or it can be a virtual server commonly referred to as a cloud server that resides remotely. The following describes examples in which the computer server 104 is a cloud server. In some examples, the computer server 104 may interact wirelessly with the brackets 102 by receiving signals from or sending signals to the brackets 102. This interaction occurs through, e.g., a home-based reader 108 or a user's cell phone 110, while the computer server 104 communicates with a clinic terminal 106 at a dental clinic. The computer server 104 receives signals from the brackets 102 (e.g., through the reader 108 or the cell phone 110), determines the current configurations of the brackets 102, determines whether adjustments are necessary, and sends back signals using the same route (e.g., through the reader 108 or the cell phone 110) to the brackets 102 in order to control motors in the brackets 102 to make the necessary adjustments. The computer server 104 communicates with the terminal 106 at the dental clinic to enable an orthodontist and/or other healthcare providers to monitor the configurations of the brackets 102 and enter commands to make additional adjustments when necessary.

In some implementations, when the patient first visits the orthodontist, the orthodontist may prescribe a treatment plan that specifies the amount and direction of force to be applied to each tooth at different time periods. The orthodontist may provide an electronic file that includes the treatment plan, and the patient may download, from the computer server 104, the electronic file having updated data containing the treatment plan to the reader 108 or the cell phone 110. The reader 108 or the cell phone 100 may execute an orthodontic application program that uses the information about the treatment plan to interact with the brackets 102.

After the first visit to the orthodontist, and at each follow up visit every three or four weeks, the orthodontist executes the orthodontic treatment program on the server 104. The orthodontic treatment program may analyze signals received from the brackets 102 to determine the progress of teeth alignment. The program may compare the current progress with the prescribed treatment plan and determine which brackets need to be adjusted to increase or decrease the force applied and its direction to the corresponding tooth, or to adjust the torque applied by the bracket to the tooth. The program instructs the server 104 to send signals to the brackets 102 to configure the brackets 102 such that each tooth receives the proper amount of force metrics according to the prescribed treatment plan.

Because the adjustments to the brackets 102 can be conveniently performed at the patient's home, the treatment plan may have instructions for more frequent bracket adjustments at finer time intervals, such as twice every month. The patient has the option of making adjustments to the brackets at times that are convenient to the patient.

The wireless reader 108 can interact wirelessly with the brackets 102 using a communication protocol similar to, e.g., the RFID protocol, Bluetooth protocol, or other protocols. The wireless reader 108 may be connected to the computer server 104 through a wire connection or a wireless link. The mobile phone 110 executing the orthodontic application program may interact wirelessly with the brackets 102 using a communication protocol similar to, e.g., the near-field communication protocol, Bluetooth protocol, or other protocols. The system may operate in, e.g., the 401-406 MHz, 902-928 MHz, 2400-2483.5 MHz, and/or 5725-5850 MHz bands. The mobile phone 110 may communicate with the computer server 104 through a wireless link.

In some implementations, the smart bracket 102 has sensors that can detect the amount of force (and/or the position trajectories) being applied to the tooth through the arch wire. Alternatively the sensors can be attached to or embedded in the arch wire itself. The sensors provide feedback signals so that the orthodontic treatment program executing on the computer server 104 can determine that the correct amount of force and the direction of force are applied to each tooth to ensure its proper alignment and positioning. If, after configuring the brackets 102, the sensors determine that the force/direction applied to the tooth deviates from the prescribed amount by more than a threshold value, the program may generate an alert signal, indicating that the patient should contact the orthodontist. Alternatively, the program can readjust and apply the new biomechanical force specifications. Upon receiving an instruction from the patient, the computer server 104 may send the data from the sensor to the clinic terminal 106 so that the orthodontist may determine whether it is possible to reconfigure the brackets remotely, or to inform the patient that it is necessary to return to the dental clinic for further examination and adjustment.

Referring to FIG. 2, a remote orthodontics system 120 may include a server 104 that communicates with different types of smart orthodontic braces, or orthodontic braces that include more than one type of smart brackets (individually or as a group). The computer server 104 may execute an orthodontic treatment program that is configured to control the various types of braces having various types of smart brackets. The server 104 may communicate with a clinic terminal 106 to enable an orthodontist to remotely monitor treatment progress or provide adjustments.

For example, one type of smart bracket is bracket 122, referred to as the e-Right bracket. The e-Right bracket 122 includes miniature motors that drive miniature gears, which in turn drive small rods that push against an arch wire inserted into a slot of a bracket attached to a tooth. The small rods provide forces that in combination produce the desired amount of force in the desired direction that is applied to the corresponding tooth to provide the required movement for alignment of the tooth.

A second type of smart bracket is bracket 124, referred to as the e-Tract bracket. The e-Tract bracket has two miniature motors that drive miniature gears 132, which in turn pull or push an arch wire (inserted in between) to generate retracting or protracting forces for movement and/or alignment of the corresponding tooth (or a group of teeth).

A third type of smart bracket is bracket 126, referred to as the e-Bracket in this document. The e-Bracket has one or more miniature motors that drive one or more miniature gears, which in turn drive a rotatable base to provide torque to the bracket 126 for generating a force for alignment of the corresponding tooth.

A fourth type of orthodontic braces variation is e-Wire braces 128. The e-Wire braces 128 include arch wire segments 134 connected to smart brackets 136 in which each bracket 136 has one or more miniature motors that apply forces to the arch wire segments 134, such that the interaction of the brackets 136 and wire segments 134 result in the proper amount of forces being applied to the teeth that need adjustment. Each arch wire segment is attached to the corresponding tooth surface in order to translate the delivered force. A patient may use any configuration of two or more of the e-Right bracket 122, e-Tract bracket 124, e-Bracket 126, or e-Wire braces 128 at the same time. The following describes details of the e-Tract bracket 124.

Referring to FIGS. 3A and 3B, in some implementations, an e-Tract bracket 180 can be used as an auxiliary tool with any of the orthodontic bracket systems, or as an add-on to the functionality of the advanced wireless-based bracket systems. The e-Tract bracket 180 can generate retraction or protraction forces through simultaneous rotating gear action coupled with an inter-locking serrated arch wire. The type of traction would depend on the gears' rotation direction. The e-Tract bracket 180 can be used in combination with other brackets to provide a bracing function to facilitate the overall alignment. FIG. 3A shows a front view of the bracket 180 while FIG. 3B shows a side view of the bracket 180. Gears on the bracket 180 can lock onto notches on a specially designed arch wire to generate a retraction or protraction force on the arch wire. The e-Tract bracket 180 can have, e.g., a height L1 of about 5 mm and a length L2 of about 11 mm. The dimensions of the e-Tract bracket 180 can vary depending on the amount of force required and the size of the tooth on which the bracket 180 is attached.

The bracket 180 includes a base 182, a support 184, an upper member 186, and a lower member 188. In some examples, a back surface 194 of the base 182 attaches to a molar (last) tooth. In some examples, the base 182 is fitted on a mini-screw supporting implant. The upper member 186 houses a miniature motor and a miniature gear 190. The miniature motor in the upper member 186 drives the miniature gear 190. The lower member 188 houses a miniature motor and a miniature gear 192. The miniature motor in the lower member 188 drives the miniature gear 192.

Referring to FIG. 4, when the upper gear 190 rotates in a clockwise direction and the lower gear 192 rotates in a counterclockwise direction, the teeth of the gears 190, 192 engage notches 198 in the arch wire 196 and pulls the arch wire 196 in a direction 210 towards the left (when viewed from a direction facing the front side of the bracket 180). Conversely, when the upper gear 190 rotates in a counterclockwise direction and the lower gear 192 rotates in a clockwise direction, the teeth of the gears 190, 192 engage the notches 198 in the arch wire 196 and pulls the arch wire 196 in a direction 212 towards the right. The arch wire 196 can be coupled to other brackets so that the pulling (or pushing) force generated by the gears 190, 192 can be used to generate a force that is applied to the other brackets and the teeth to which the brackets are attached. The upper member 186 includes an integrated circuit chip 202 that has circuitry for controlling the miniature motor in the upper member 186. The lower member 188 also includes an integrated circuit chip that has circuitry for controlling the miniature motor in the lower member 188. In some implementations, a single chip controls the operations of the motors in the upper and lower members 186, 188. The chip can also be placed in the base 182. The integrated circuit chip 202 in the upper member 186 and the integrated circuit chip 202 in the lower member 188 can communicate wirelessly to external devices, such as the reader 108 or the cell phone 110.

Referring to FIGS. 5A and 5B, in some implementations, the e-Tract bracket 180 can have a fixed or removable cover 170 that is used to ligate the arch wire 196 with the bracket slot.

In some implementations, the gears 190 and 192 can be driven manually. For example, a first miniature screw can be provided in the upper member 186, in which the thread of the screw engages the gear 190. The head of the first miniature screw can protrude outside of the upper member 186 so that the dentist or the patient can turn the first miniature screw to rotate the gear 190. Similarly, a second miniature screw can be provided in the lower member 188, in which the thread of the screw engages the gear 192. The head of the second miniature screw can protrude outside of the lower member 188 so that the dentist or the patient can turn the second miniature screw to rotate the gear 192. As the gear 190 and/or 192 are rotated, the arch wire 196 is pushed or pulled accordingly. In some implementations, the upper gear 190 can be manually driven, where the lower gear 192 simultaneously follows the action of the upper gear 190. Alternatively, the gear 190 can be joined with the gear 192 via, e.g., a cord, through the bracket support structure 184, to allow for a simultaneous coupled gear action. Additionally, the gear 190 (and/or 192), has a locking mechanism to prevent counter rotation after activation on a certain direction.

Various smart orthodontic brackets and wires have been described above. These smart brackets and wires can be used in the remote orthodontic system 100 of FIG. 1. Referring to FIG. 6, in order to monitor the movement of the tooth under treatment, markers can be attached to one or more adjacent teeth. For example, a smart bracket 350 is attached to a tooth 352 that needs to be aligned. A first marker 354 is attached to a tooth 356, and a second marker 358 is attached to another tooth 360. When the smart bracket 350 is first installed on the tooth 352, a set of one or more pictures of the teeth are taken. After a period of time, such as three or four weeks later, a second set of one or more pictures of the teeth are taken. The movement of the tooth 352 under treatment relative to the other teeth 356 and 360 can be measured by comparing the position of the bracket 350 relative to the markers 354 and 358 that function as reference points.

In some examples, the patient takes images of the teeth and sends them to the orthodontist, who monitors the progress of the treatment. If the movement of the tooth 352 is according to plan, then the smart bracket 350 will be adjusted according to plan. If the movement of the tooth 352 is outside of acceptable boundaries, then the orthodontist may adjust the treatment plan or ask the patient to return to the clinic for further examination and/or treatment. When the orthodontist needs to adjust the treatment plan, the orthodontist may send an instruction from the clinic terminal 106 to the server computer 104 to adjust the treatment plan stored locally at the server 104.

In some examples, the mobile phone 110 may execute an orthodontic app that provides instructions to the patient or a helper of the patient on how to take pictures in order to accurately determine the movement of the tooth 352. For example, a helper may use the camera on the mobile phone 110 to take pictures of the patient's teeth. A reference image that was previously taken can be overlaid on a live view taken by the phone camera. The reference image may show the two markers 354 and 358, so that the helper may position and orient the camera to take a picture of the teeth in which the markers 354 and 358 are at similar positions in the new picture. This makes it easier to compare the current picture with a previously taken picture to determine the movement of the tooth 352. A set of orthodontic biomechanical algorithms can be used by the system 100 to determine the auto adjustments to be made to the smart brackets, such as increasing or decreasing the forces applied by the gears in the e-Tract brackets.

The smart brackets may have sensors for sensing the force applied to the corresponding tooth. For example, a microelectromechanical sensor system having piezoresistive microsensors attached between the smart bracket and the tooth can be used to take measurements that can be used to calculate forces applied to the tooth in the x, y, and z directions, and moments in the x, y, and z directions. By monitoring the forces actually applied to the tooth, the system 100 can determine whether the gears in the smart brackets need to be adjusted to apply more or less force in a certain direction.

The chip 202 (FIG. 4), the miniature motors, and the sensors system can be powered wirelessly by beaming power to microcoils in the smart brackets. The chip 202 may include circuitry for modulating data sent to the reader 108 or the server 104, or demodulating the signals sent from the reader 108 or the server 104.

The remote orthodontic system 100 helps orthodontists and their patients to have a high quality orthodontic treatment, with reduced visits to the dental office and reduced costs. For example, the adjustments to the smart brackets and arch wires can be made while the patients are at home. The orthodontists can also monitor the treatments and make adjustments to the treatment plans from home, allowing more flexible work schedules.

A novel orthodontic bracket that can generate and deliver forces has been described above. The system 100 is interactive in which the patient and the treatment provider are able to monitor the status of teeth alignment and report responses and symptoms. The system can be remotely controlled, enabling quick re-adjustment and auto-correction. The system can apply biomechanical equations based on the known static and dynamic equilibrium laws and algorithms. The system provides treatments with predictable and improved outcomes, so the treatment duration can be accurately forecasted and better controlled.

Each of the computer server 104, mobile phone 110, and reader 108 can include one or more processors and one or more computer-readable mediums (e.g., RAM, ROM, SDRAM, hard disk, optical disk, and flash memory). The one or more processors can perform various calculations or control functions described above. The calculations and various functions can also be implemented using application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). The term “computer-readable medium” refers to a medium that participates in providing instructions to a processor for execution, including without limitation, non-volatile media (e.g., optical or magnetic disks), and volatile media (e.g., DRAM) and transmission media. Transmission media includes, without limitation, coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics.

The features described above can be implemented advantageously in one or more computer programs that are executable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a data storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device. A computer program is a set of instructions that can be used, directly or indirectly, in a computer to perform a certain activity or bring about a certain result. A computer program can be written in any form of programming language (e.g., C, Java), including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, a browser-based web application, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment.

Suitable processors for the execution of a program of instructions include, e.g., both general and special purpose microprocessors, digital signal processors, and the sole processor or one of multiple processors or cores, of any kind of computer. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory (ROM) or a random access memory (RAM) or both. The essential elements of a computer are a processor for executing instructions and one or more memories for storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled to communicate with, one or more mass storage devices for storing data files. The mass storage devices include magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and optical disks. Storage devices suitable for tangibly embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, such as EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM, CD-R, DVD-ROM, DVD-R, Blu-ray DVD disks. The processor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits). The chip 202 (FIG. 4) may include one or more processors described above. The chip 202 may also include one or more volatile or non-volatile memories for storing instructions to be executed by the one or more processors.

While this specification contains many specific implementation details, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of any inventions or of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features specific to particular embodiments of particular inventions. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination.

Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various system components in the embodiments described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all embodiments, and it should be understood that the described program components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single software product or packaged into multiple software products.

Particular embodiments of the subject matter have been described. Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. In some cases, the actions recited in the claims can be performed in a different order and still achieve desirable results. In addition, the processes depicted in the accompanying figures do not necessarily require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results. In certain implementations, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous.

Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. For example, a combination of various types of smart brackets can be used for treating one patient. The smart brackets and arch wires can be made of materials different from those described above. In some implementations, each bracket can include a radio frequency identification tag associated with a unique identifier. In some implementations, each chip (e.g., 202) has a unique identifier. This way, if a patient has multiple brackets, the server 104 can uniquely identify each bracket and send different instructions to different brackets. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An orthodontic bracket, comprising: a base configured to be attached to a surface of a tooth; a first member and a second member attached to the base, the first and second members being spaced apart to define an archwire slot configured to receive an archwire having indentations, wherein the first member comprises a first gear that partially protrudes into the archwire slot, the first gear configured to engage some of the indentations on the archwire.
 2. The orthodontic bracket of claim 1 in which the second member comprises a second gear that partially protrudes into the archwire slot, the second gear configured to engage some of the indentations of the archwire.
 3. The orthodontic bracket of claim 2 in which the first gear is configured to be driven manually.
 4. The orthodontic bracket of claim 3 in which the second gear is configured to be driven manually.
 5. The orthodontic bracket of claim 3 in which the second gear is coupled to the first gear such that the first and second gears rotate simultaneously when the first gear is driven manually.
 6. The orthodontic bracket of claim 1, comprising a first miniature motor to drive the first gear.
 7. The orthodontic bracket of claim 6, comprising a wireless energy transfer module to receive energy wirelessly for powering the first motor.
 8. The orthodontic bracket of claim 6, comprising an integrated circuit having circuitry to control the first motor.
 9. The orthodontic bracket of claim 8 in which the integrated circuit comprises a communication module to communicate wirelessly with an external device.
 10. The orthodontic bracket of claim 9 in which the integrated circuit is configured to receive instructions wirelessly and control the first motor according to the instructions.
 11. The orthodontic bracket of claim 1, comprising a sensor to detect a force applied by the bracket to the tooth.
 12. The orthodontic bracket of claim 11, comprising a wireless energy transfer module to receive energy wirelessly for powering the sensor.
 13. The orthodontic bracket of claim 1, comprising a radio frequency identification tag associated with a unique identifier.
 14. A method comprising: attaching a base of an orthodontic bracket to a surface of a tooth, the orthodontic bracket having a base, a first member and a second member, the first and second members being attached to the base and spaced apart to define an archwire slot configured to receive an archwire having indentations, the first member comprising a first gear that partially protrudes into the archwire slot, inserting the archwire into the archwire slot; engaging the first gear with the indentations on a first surface of the archwire; and rotating the first gear to apply a force to the archwire.
 15. The method of claim 14 in which the second member comprises a second gear that partially protrudes into the archwire slot; engaging the second gear with the indentations on a second surface of the archwire; and rotating the second gear to apply a force to the archwire.
 16. The method of claim 14, comprising manually driving the first gear.
 17. The method of claim 16, comprising manually driving the second gear.
 18. The method of claim 16, comprising coupling the second gear to the first gear such that the first and second gears rotate simultaneously when the first gear is driven manually.
 19. The method of claim 14, comprising using a first miniature motor to drive the first gear.
 20. The method of claim 19, comprising providing energy wirelessly to a wireless energy transfer module to power the first motor.
 21. The method of claim 19, comprising operating an integrated circuit to control the first motor.
 22. The method of claim 21, comprising operating the integrated circuit to communicate wirelessly with an external device.
 23. The method of claim 22, comprising, at the integrated circuit, receiving instructions wirelessly from the external device and controlling the first motor according to the instructions.
 24. The method of claim 14, comprising using a sensor to sense a force applied by the bracket to the tooth.
 25. The method of claim 24, comprising providing energy wirelessly to a wireless energy transfer module to power to the sensor.
 26. The method of claim 14, comprising probing a radio frequency identification tag attached to the bracket to identify a unique identifier associated with the tag.
 27. An orthodontic bracket, comprising: a base configured to be attached to a surface of a tooth; an occlusal member and a gingival member attached to the base, the occlusal member and the gingival member being spaced apart to define an archwire slot between a gingival surface of the occlusal member and an occlusal surface of the gingival member, the archwire slot configured to receive an archwire having indentations on occlusal and gingival surfaces of the archwire, wherein the occlusal member comprises a first miniature gear that partially protrudes through a gingival surface of the occlusal member into the archwire slot, the first gear configured to engage the indentations on the occlusal surface of the archwire, wherein the gingival member comprises a second miniature gear that partially protrudes through an occlusal surface of the gingival member into the archwire slot, the second gear configured to engage the indentations of the gingival surface of the archwire.
 28. The orthodontic bracket of claim 27 in which the first miniature gear is configured to be driven manually.
 29. The orthodontic bracket of claim 28 in which the second miniature gear is configured to be driven manually.
 30. The orthodontic bracket of claim 28 in which the second miniature gear is coupled to the first miniature gear such that the first and second miniature gears rotate simultaneously when the first miniature gear is driven manually.
 31. The orthodontic bracket of claim 27, comprising a first miniature motor to drive the first miniature gear.
 32. The orthodontic bracket of claim 31, comprising a wireless energy transfer module to receive energy wirelessly for powering the first miniature motor.
 33. The orthodontic bracket of claim 31, comprising an integrated circuit having circuitry to control the first miniature motor.
 34. The orthodontic bracket of claim 33 in which the integrated circuit comprises a communication module to communicate wirelessly with an external device.
 35. The orthodontic bracket of claim 34 in which the integrated circuit is configured to receive instructions wirelessly and control the first miniature motor according to the instructions.
 36. The orthodontic bracket of claim 27, comprising a sensor to detect a force applied by the bracket to the tooth.
 37. The orthodontic bracket of claim 36, comprising a wireless energy transfer module to receive energy wirelessly for powering the sensor.
 38. The orthodontic bracket of claim 27, comprising a radio frequency identification tag associated with a unique identifier.
 39. A method comprising: attaching a base of an orthodontic bracket to a surface of a tooth, the orthodontic bracket having a base, an occlusal member and a gingival member, the occlusal member and the gingival member being attached to the base and spaced apart to define an archwire slot between a gingival surface of the occlusal member and an occlusal surface of the gingival member, the archwire slot configured to receive an archwire having indentations on occlusal and gingival surfaces of the archwire, the occlusal member comprising a first miniature gear that partially protrudes through a gingival surface of the occlusal member into the archwire slot, the first gear configured to engage the indentations on the occlusal surface of the archwire, the gingival member comprising a second miniature gear that partially protrudes through an occlusal surface of the gingival member into the archwire slot, the second gear configured to engage the indentations of the gingival surface of the archwire; inserting the archwire into the archwire slot; engaging the first and second gears with the indentations on the occlusal and gingival surfaces of the archwire; and rotating the first and second gears to apply a force to the archwire.
 40. The method of claim 39, comprising manually driving the first miniature gear.
 41. The method of claim 40, comprising manually driving the second miniature gear.
 42. The method of claim 40, comprising coupling the second miniature gear to the first miniature gear such that the first and second miniature gears rotate simultaneously when the first miniature gear is driven manually.
 43. The method of claim 39, comprising using a first miniature motor to drive the first miniature gear.
 44. The method of claim 43, comprising providing energy wirelessly to a wireless energy transfer module to power the first miniature motor.
 45. The method of claim 43, comprising operating an integrated circuit to control the first miniature motor.
 46. The method of claim 45, comprising operating the integrated circuit to communicate wirelessly with an external device.
 47. The method of claim 46, comprising, at the integrated circuit, receiving instructions wirelessly from the external device and controlling the first miniature motor according to the instructions.
 48. The method of claim 39, comprising using a sensor to sense a force applied by the bracket to the tooth.
 49. The method of claim 48, comprising providing energy wirelessly to a wireless energy transfer module to power to the sensor.
 50. The method of claim 39, comprising probing a radio frequency identification tag attached to the bracket to identify a unique identifier associated with the tag. 